Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co Ltd vs Riche Essay

Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co Ltd vs Riche - Essay Example The decision in Ashbury confirmed that a company cannot carry on any business not specified in its objects clause. Third parties were often unable to sue companies in contract because of the ultra vires rule pertaining to the objects clause – which specifies the business the company can carry on and the legal powers of the company - in the Memorandum of Association. When the rule applied it made any contract which was caught by the rule void and the creditor could receive no restitution. This was justified by the rule of constructive notice. This holds that since the Memorandum is a public document all parties are deemed to have had the opportunity to read it prior to committing to a transaction. Moreover the rule protected the shareholders’ capital from acts undertaken by Directors purportedly on the company’s behalf. The immediate result was increasingly long objects clauses as companies strove to include any business they might wish to carry on, or power they might wish to exercise, together with catch-all clause permitting the company to carry on any business which the Directors thought fit: Bell Houses Ltd v City Wall Properties Ltd

Monday, October 28, 2019

The Crucible inevitable Essay Example for Free

The Crucible inevitable Essay The Crucible was written in 1953 by the American playwright, Arthur Miller. It is a historical play, which takes place in the small theocratical Puritan village of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. However, Miller wrote the The Crucible not just as a straight historical play detailing the Salem witch trials; the play in fact acts as a political allegory based on the situation in America during the Cold War in which Miller wrote the play. The allegorical story relates back to the Salem witchcraft trials and connects them to their contemporary equivalent in Millers time, the McCarthy trials. Just as the people in Salem believed that witchcraft threatens their village, many Americans during this time saw Communism as a threat too. Arthur Miller himself was called in front of the committee, when he refused to give the names of friends who might have believed in Communism he was fined for contempt of court. The political witch hunt of McCarthyism becomes clear in Millers play, which was written to illustrate how fear and hysteria mixed with an atmosphere of persecution may end tragically. The Salem witch trials took place from June to September of 1692, during which time nineteen men and women were hanged, including a man named John Proctor, at Gallows Hill near Salem, while another man was pressed to death. Hundreds of other people were accused of witchcraft and many more suffered in jail without trials. The tragedy shows how over imaginative minds can lead to disastrously unjust consequences and represents the village as a paradox as usually Puritans were extremely religious and never committed sins as like as those that went on during the time of the witch-hunt. The actual word, crucible, has a few meanings. It can be a container which is able to resist heat; a melting pot, this could be a pot in which all of the characters in the play melt into individuals. It also has a connection with witches, as this melting pot could symbolise a cauldron. It can be the hollow at the bottom of an ore furnace, representing the hollowness and dishonesty of the villagers in Salem. As a result, the title does not immediately make the audience believe that John Proctors death be inevitable as the villagers of Salem are represented as being hollow and shallow so are expected to willingly admit to witchcraft if it means that their lives will be spared. To reinforce the theme of religion, the word crucible can mean the bearing of a cross, which relates to a crucifix. In the Act, the importance of religion is immediately introduced as John Proctor is illustrated as being a very sinful man as it is revealed that he has not been at Sabbath recently, this was a serious issue as religion was so important to the Puritan society and he is therefore suspected of witchcraft. Proctor claims that there is no need to go to church, for he feels Reverend Parris is too obsessed with hell and never mentions God anymore. Parris warns that there must be obedience or the church will burn like Hell, but Proctor asks if he can speak one minute without mentioning Hell. This expresses how deeply religious Proctor is and also gives a glimpse of goodness in him as he cares for his family as he says I never knew that I must account to that man for I come to church or stay at home. My wife was sick this winter. This also shows that Proctor is an individual, as he does not go with the majority of the village by not working on the Sabbath day. He despises hypocrites; he had a sharp and biting way with hypocrites, and even seems to hate the hypocrisy of religion even though he had a deep spiritual belief in God. John Proctor is introduced as being harsh, unkind, and extremely powerful. This does not make his death foreseeable, as he seems to be an obvious sinner. His insensitive nature is shown in the way that other members of the village of Salem are scared of him, afraid of him and strangely titillated, and more importantly it is expressed by the heartless treatment he gives Abigail Williams, a former servant of his family. Proctor patronises her by calling her a child and as Abby is relatively unknown at this point, we can relate to her as she is a around our age. Abby is obviously deeply in love with him as she is extremely flirtatious and speaks affectionately and to him; tauntingly, but Proctor is numb and aggressive towards her, this is shown in his actions; setting her firmly out of his path, beginning to anger, do you look for a whipping? and shaking her. This makes the audience disrespect him and empathise with her. Abby talks of the affair she had with Proctor, it is this affair that seems to be the catalyst to the witchcraft accusations, as it seems to be the reason why Abigail starts condemning people of witchery and the key element that starts the witch hunt. She is very sensual and tries to seduce him by saying I am waiting for you every night but he just states that he will cut off his hand before he will ever reach for her again. His dismissive actions further create the audiences disgust towards him and make the audience sympathise with Abby, as she appears to be a victim, John, pity me, pity me. However at this point in the play, Proctors true personality has been hidden beneath the outer appearance of a cruel, immoral, insensitive man which does not make the audience believe that his death will be inevitable as when faced with the accusations of witchcraft, the audience feel that he would easily admit to them if it would re sult in him preserving his life.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Essay --

Acknowledgments ______________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for the support and encouragement that you have given me throughout the trials of my experiment. I would like to thank my parents for the support they have given me and for helping me when I was in a tough situation. I would like to thank my teacher, Mr. Johnson for the support that he has given me and for his guidance and encouragement. I would also like to thank my dentist for supplying me with my prime ingredient of this experiment, teeth. Purpose ______________________________________________________________________________ The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of beverages, such as, orange juice, coca cola, milk, coffee, and water, on the rate of decomposition of teeth. This experiment will be able to determine which of the five beverages cause a tooth to decompose faster than the others. These specific drinks were chosen because they are what normal people have in their refrigerator or pantry on a normal basis. Most americans consume coffee, and some sort of juice in the morning, throughout the day they should have at least of glass of water, and most people have at least on soft drink a day. The acid in orange juice and the carbonation in soda can damage the enamel of the tooth causing it to erode faster (Orange, July 2, 2009). The lack of saliva can cause decay of teeth because saliva protects the gums in the mouth from infection. Some causes of reduced saliva are coffee and cola drinks (Reduce,April 21, 2012). This experiment reveals which of these five drinks increase the process of decay faster than others. This will allow the reader to choose a drink that wil... ...rom http://www.questiaschool.com Mays, S. (1998). The Archaeology of Human Bones. London: Routledge. Retrieved from http://www.questiaschool.com Orange Juice Acid 'Can Wash Away Enamel on Teeth' (2009, July 2). Daily Mail (London), p. 22. Retrieved from http://www.questiaschool.com Reduce Dental Decay Factors. (2012, April 21). Coffs Coast Advocate (Coffs Harbour, Australia). Retrieved from http://www.questiaschool.com Teeth. (2013). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). The Columbia University Press. Retrieved from http://www.questiaschool.com Tooth Decay-Cause. (n.d.). WebMD - Better information. Better health.. Retrieved October 9, 2013, from http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tc/tooth-decay-cause What Kind of Acids are in Soda. (2011, August 17). Live Strong. http://www.livestrong.com/articles/519798-what-kind-of-acids-are-in-sodas/

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Rate of reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate Essay

Rate of reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form carbon dioxide gas. One way of following the rate of reaction at which it reacts is to measure the volume of carbon dioxide produced at certain time intervals during the reaction. CaCO + 2HCl CaCl + H O + CO =========================== Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid Calcium Chloride + Water + Carbon Dioxide Equipment --------- Delivery tube Conical flask Hydrochloric acid Calcium carbonate chips Burette Beaker Electric scales Measuring cylinder Tub Water Electric timer Goggles Retort stand The different factors that can affect my experiment are the temperature, the concentration of my reactants and the surface area, also adding a catalyst. We have decided to test different concentrations of hydrochloric acid for our experiment because it will give us sufficient results to make our evidence reliable. RATE OF REACTION BETWEEN HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND CALCIUM CARBONATE LOW CONCENTRATION HIGH CONCENTRATION I think that during our experiment, the higher the molarity of acid the quicker the rate of reaction will be, I think this because of the collision theory. If the solution is made more concentrated, there will be more particles in the solution. This makes collisions between important molecules more likely and will collide more often. At the beginning of the reaction, there are lots of reactants particles (and no products). This means a lot of productive collisions between reactants. As time goes on these reactants will become less and less (because reactants have been turned into products), therefore less collisions, so the rate of reaction will slow down. If the molarity of the acid concentratio... ...act same size we could use 2 chips in one experiment and get 1g then we could use 4 chips in another experiment and still get 1g. This meant that the surface area for the hydrochloric acid changed in each experiment for it to react and collide with. I could have stopped this by sieving so I would get chips that are of the same or close enough the same surface area. Overall my results are fairly reliable, yet could be subjective to change if better methods were available. If I was to do my experiment again I would make sure I would do it all on the same day and maybe change the limits of the products so that the results we got could be more accurate and we would have less anomalous results like the 2.5 molar experiment. However, if I did this experiment again I would expect the same results and patterns that I have got apart from the 2.5 molar and 3 molar experiments.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Functioning Of Municipal Schools Education Essay

With the feverish competition today youth want to be perfect in whatever they attempt to make whether it is in academic surveies, athleticss or cultural activities. Therefore the instruction in A.P. Municipality Act 1965 under subdivision 130 with Rule 42 of Taxation and Finance, regulations appended to the APM ACL 1965, have become more flexible in the constitution of their schools and conveying flawlessness in their attack. Harmonizing to this policy the municipality can incur outgo connected with instruction on the points like preparation of instructors and care of schools etc. Aiming at flawlessness the municipal schools besides aim at excellence and that is possible by presenting the undermentioned policies: Constitution and care of schools Construction and care of school edifices Training of instructors Excellence would intend giving our best in whatever we do. Our best attempts are different from another individual ‘s best attempts, and these can non be compared because everyone has strengths and restrictions. Therefore, â€Å" instruction in the A.P. Municipality Act as mentioned in the subdivision 31, would name commissions to tap the interior resources of their staff and pupils. They would name commissions to preparation of reappraisals, and general supervision of development programmes, associating to instruction and public assistance of SCs, BCs and adult females and kids among others. The station – Independence India placed great significance on the instruction of its citizens, and making literacy to the nook and corner of the state. The establishing male parents of the state and the fundamental law shapers did non experience the necessity to do instruction a cardinal right as they thought that the State will go forth no rock unturned in doing everyone educated all literate. But the State and the cardinal Government failed to populate up to the outlook of the establishing male parents of the state and both fell level on this basic and cardinal responsibility. Education is non even mentioned explicitly as an country of nucleus concern for municipalities in A.P. and it is a gray country. It is taking cue from subdivision 31A above that the function of municipalities in â€Å" managing † instruction is restricted. The administrative map of naming caput Masterss and instructors in the municipal schools, managing and pay outing their wages, advancing and reassigning the staff, and keeping the care of the municipal schools under their direction is taken attention by the municipal governments. But most of these academic maps rest with the instruction section. The mark of cosmopolitan instruction remained a mirage with big subdivisions of the society unable to direct their small 1s to school. Even primary instruction, non to talk of higher instruction did non make the door – stairss of larger figure of people. In A.P. Municipal schools exist merely in 13 territories of the 23 territories in the province. About 2100 Municipal schools are working in the province. About 1400 primary schools, 400 Upper primary schools, and 300 Secondary schools are working in the province. Over 3.5 lakh kids are enrolled in these schools, and 8100 instructors are working in the municipal schools with teacher – student ratio of 1:45, 1:49, and 1:40 in primary, upper primary and secondary schools severally. But one tends to oppugn these pupils who are enrolled in these Municipal schools, how far they have acquired cognition in ego confidence/ one tends to oppugn the regularity of the instructors to the school and the credibleness of their work.1.5. 2 Municipal Schools in Vijayawada – Krishna District, A.PVijayawada, besides called â€Å" Vidyalawada † ( topographic point of instruction ) occupies a big sum of the educational substructure of Andhra Pradesh. The metropolis was named â€Å" the educational Sahara † by a foreign embassador. Education in the metropolis is implemented by both the authorities and private establishments. Vijayawada Municipal Corporation ( VMC ) takes attention of the authorities educational establishments. Municipalities responsible for opening / up-gradation of schools in the urban countries are under Municipal Corporation. A Municipality is a unit for all intents. All instructors in a municipality are under one unit for intents of publicity or reversion etc. Panel commission in the municipality has the authorization for publicity of instructors. Teachers are transferred from one school to another in the same municipality. Municipal governments inspect the schools. Wages of instruction and non instruction staff are paid by the authorities. But it is reduced to the extent of educational revenue enhancement collected by the municipality. RTE Act 2009, reminds the schools to include in the course of study â€Å" basic hygiene, environmental cleanliness, good societal etiquette and political behaviour. † ( Act 6.5 ) every bit good as life accomplishments ( Act 6.6 ) together with the accent on, non merely on one ‘s rights but on one ‘s surveies specially to society. ( Act 6.8 ) ( Act 7.6 B ) insists on developing and implementing â€Å" criterions for preparation of instructors † . The policy ( 4.14 ) provinces that â€Å" thorough periodic developing the instructors are equipped with up – to – day of the month cognition and pedagogical accomplishments including the usage of new educational engineerings. In the changed and quickly altering scenario good wonts of work-ethics are inculcated † . Tendencies in registration show a clear displacement to private schools in urban countries like Vijayawada. The municipal schools slowdown behind in the undermentioned countries – deficiency of motive to the staff, hapless substructure, deficiency of sanitation installations, deficiency of topic, deficiency of equal instructors, teacher absenteeism, use of the age old methodological analysiss in learning English, faulty scrutiny system etc are some of the factors taking to hapless public presentation of pupils, ensuing in low demand for these municipal schools. It is said that instructors must make bold to larn things beyond the course of study and do acquisition gratifying utilizing some utile instruction AIDSs. There is a slow and gradual realisation among the educationalists, that the households of the hapless pupils who attend municipal schools still remain hapless in malice of their traveling to school. This is due to miss of proper learning installations in authorities schools which stick to minimum instruction. Professor Martin Woodhead besides said that there is a demand to reform authorities schools to present choice instruction at least for the interest of those hapless who will still go on to direct merely their male childs to private schools. Government schools will still be a blessing to girl child instruction. While the world reflects the above outlook what is noticed among the municipality schools is much distant and out dated from the world.InfrastructureClass suites: Insufficiency of suites to suit is a job in municipal high schools. Problems exist with respect to airing and sufficient infinite for all the kids in all the category suites. Headmaster ‘s office and staff room: In the urban municipal schools in Vijayawada there is one room that is used as the Head Master ‘s room every bit good as the office with the files stacked behind. There is no equal topographic point to hive away and exhibit the assorted shields, trophies and souvenirs won by the school and its squads. Labs: There is no sole infinite for a research lab in any of the schools visited. There are a little figure of incontrovertible AIDSs and equipment in high schools, but the same are stacked in closets inside schoolrooms. In the instance of an upgraded school, research lab equipment is being borrowed from a neighbouring school and the same is returned after presentation in the category. Library: Libraries ideally provide entree to books in add-on to the schoolroom texts and make a nexus with the developments taking topographic point outside. Storage of books in the best of municipal schools is found non satisfactory. Books are non made accessible to the pupils for whom they are meant to be extra reading stuff. Common suites for misss: The Government of India has embarked on a mission to retain misss in schools through the National Programme Education for Girls at Elementary Level ( NPEGEL ) . Urban slums in Municipalities and Corporations of the four territories including Krishna territory was covered under the programme. It was seen that such room existed in one high school, but was non being utilized for the intent. The freshly constructed suites were being used as staff suites for female instructors. Drinking H2O and Toilets: Drinking H2O for kids has non been uniformly provided in all municipal schools. Sanitation installations or lavatories in schools are shared by the pupils and the instructors. This is a cause for concern as bead out among misss is usually attributed to hapless sanitation conditions in schools. Resort areas: Due the scarceness of infinite in urban countries, it is difficult to happen municipal schools with equal infinite for drama land for the pupils. Furniture for Staff and Students: Municipal schools have been missing in furniture for its pupils. There are barely any municipal schools, at all degrees, which have been benches for all the kids. This could perchance be one of the grounds for the parents in switching their kids to private schools. Performance: Look at the consequences achieved by municipal schools over the old ages, it is found that the base on balls per centum has been a assorted bag of success and failures. Some of the pupils of VMC have excelled academically despite hardships. The public presentation of Municipal School pupils in SSC Board exams over the last three old ages is systematically on an mean 60 % .Performance of Municipal School Students in SSC ExamsYear Municipal Schools All Schools No. Appeared No. Passed Pass % No. Appeared No. Passed Pass % 2008 – 09 21899 13084 59.75 799324 585781 73.28 2009 – 10 23140 13385 57.84 880252 643974 73.16 2010 – 11 22959 14607 63.62 956887 722137 75.47 As is seen from the tabular array above the public presentation of municipal schools is about 60 % while the overall public presentation in all schools is systematically about 74 % . Inspite of these consequences which indicate quantitatively good public presentation, their public presentation in English linguistic communication appears to be qualitatively hapless. As per the recent G.O. Ms No: 76 ( 2008 ) , English medium has been introduced at all degrees in municipal schools. However, the system is non adequately equipped to manage kids who wish to inscribe in English medium schools. A four twenty-four hours developing programme on Communicative English has been organized by the Education Department to all the instructors to heighten their cognition and accomplishment. But this does non look to to the full fit them to manage the categories.1.6 The Problems of Teaching / Learning EnglishThe manner English is taught in schools, particularly in municipal and authorities schools to a great extent responsible for the lowering of the criterion of English in India. The purpose of teaching/learning English linguistic communication is surely really high and the agencies are unequal to recognize them. The followers are some of the jobs faced by the instructors of English in Municipal schools:Dearth of Competent instructorsThe instructors of English at municipal schools do non update themselves with the recent developments in the field of linguistics and latest methods of instruction ; hence, they are non able to learn English on par with the English instructors in the private schools. Though the instruction functionaries conduct developing programme one time a twelvemonth, the instructors give least importance to fit themselves with the latest methods of learning English. And besides these preparation programmes are conducted together along with the other capable instructors. So, the English linguistic communication instructors are non given much importance to fit themselves with the latest techniques.Job SatisfactionTeachers are non satisfied with their occupation. Most of the instructors look at their work as a load, do non take much involvement than what is compulsory. They are besides engaged in tonss of activities other than learning. They are really much comfortable utilizing the interlingual rendition method of learning E nglish.Competence of TeachersMost of the instructors ‘ competency of English is low. They have really limited or no pre-service preparation at all and had undergone barely any in-service preparation for the English linguistic communication. They are witting of it and therefore seem to endure from low self-pride.Constraint of clipThe instructors focus on syllabus completion. They do non hold sufficient clip to make other activities like brace work, group work, dramatisation etc. in the category. The instructors do non interact with the scholars. Teacher is the Centre of the linguistic communication category.Crowded ClasssThe size of the categories everyplace is well big and therefore, pupils ‘ engagement in the category work is rather impossible. The ratio of pupils in relation to teacher is non relative. This is one of the grounds why the instructors are unable to pay single attending to the pupils.Lack of CreativityLearners normally live in less supportive ( for instruc tion ) household and societal ambiance in stuff, emotional and fiscal footings. Most of them are first coevals scholars. They prefer to utilize the age old readymade notes for the scrutiny to go through. The pupils are non tapped to utilize their creativeness.Teacher ‘s and Student ‘s Regional Dialect impacting proper pronunciationThis is a really important job with most of the instructors learning English. When the instructors try to talk English, they carry their ain regional idiom into English. They have trouble in pronunciation and are non cautious about the emphasis and modulation of their ain address. They teach wrong phonic written texts, pronunciation, emphasis and modulation to the pupils. A big figure of instructors learning at school degree are unqualified. They have small thought of right use and none at all of right pronunciation. Their vocabulary is every bit limited as their reading. They are non familiar with the usage of modern learning techniques. Though the text books prescribe for different categories are skill-oriented, instructors are non equal plenty to learn them. The frequent alterations made in the policy sing English by the province and cardinal authorities has besides proved to be greatly damaging to the instructors and scholars of the linguistic communication.Teaching AidssClass room learning AIDSs and stuffs are by and large in short supply in schools, non to speak of audio-visual AIDSs like tape recording equipments, lingua phone programmes of movie strips. In some instances even pieces of chalk and black board are hard to obtain.ExaminationsIt is a commiseration that most of the scrutinies are in content oriented instead than skill-oriented. If at all any accomplishment is required to be displayed by the testers, it is their writing ability. Though reading, listening and talking accomplishments are given in the text books, they are neglected wholly in the scrutinies. With the constitution of organic structures like National Council of Educational Research and Training ( NCERT ) , National course of study has gained popularity and being progressively adopted by more and more provinces. Many of these syllabi provide adequate range for the development of the scholar ‘s abilities. However, the strangeness of the English instructor with both the purposes and aims of these course of studies and their usage about ever succeeds in get the better ofing the very intents for which they were ab initio framed. Teacher ‘s instruction is one major country which needs drastic alterations if quality instructors are to go available to develop the English linguistic communication accomplishments of the pupil.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Gettysburg Address

In â€Å"The Gettysburg Address†, by Abraham Lincoln the idea of ‘freedom for all’ was the bases on which the speech was written. There are several examples in which this theme is developed. Lincoln opened by proclaiming that our nation was found on the proposition that all mean were created equal. This one line initiated how Lincoln felt about the freedom for anyone and everyone. Lincoln proceeded to develop this theme when he remarked about the thousands of Americans who had died on the battlefield, by saying â€Å"...these dead shall not have died in vainthat this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom....† Lincoln finished his speech with this line to further influence the American people to continue the fight for their freedom and to further demonstrate the theme of his speech by declaring that they would have a new birth of freedom and in showing the Americans that their fellow men who had died would still accomplish their beliefs in freedom. Throughout the speech Lincoln established the theme of ‘freedom for all’. By beginning his speech with the birth of the nation and ending his speech by describing his vision of the nation’s eventual rebirth, Lincoln made clear to the American people his belief in ‘Freedom for all’.... Free Essays on Gettysburg Address Free Essays on Gettysburg Address In â€Å"The Gettysburg Address†, by Abraham Lincoln the idea of ‘freedom for all’ was the bases on which the speech was written. There are several examples in which this theme is developed. Lincoln opened by proclaiming that our nation was found on the proposition that all mean were created equal. This one line initiated how Lincoln felt about the freedom for anyone and everyone. Lincoln proceeded to develop this theme when he remarked about the thousands of Americans who had died on the battlefield, by saying â€Å"...these dead shall not have died in vainthat this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom....† Lincoln finished his speech with this line to further influence the American people to continue the fight for their freedom and to further demonstrate the theme of his speech by declaring that they would have a new birth of freedom and in showing the Americans that their fellow men who had died would still accomplish their beliefs in freedom. Throughout the speech Lincoln established the theme of ‘freedom for all’. By beginning his speech with the birth of the nation and ending his speech by describing his vision of the nation’s eventual rebirth, Lincoln made clear to the American people his belief in ‘Freedom for all’....

Monday, October 21, 2019

The Representation of Valuable or Treasured Objects in Fantasy Novels

The Representation of Valuable or Treasured Objects in Fantasy Novels There has always been a place for valuable objects in people’s minds; indeed, the material assets of the human world have allowed to define the value of a number of things, finally leading to the invention of money. Being one of the most important material elements in the human world, valuable objects, therefore, have been mentioned or referred to in a number of human creations and works of art, one of which is literature.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Representation of Valuable or Treasured Objects in Fantasy Novels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that the representations of valuable or treasured objects in Beowulf, Milton’s Paradise Lost, Spencer’s Faerie Queene, and Pope’s Rape of the Lock are completely different from each other, the three still offer a common idea about the place which these valuable or treasured objects take in people’s lives, which makes a common thread in all three poems. To start with, the representation of the treasured and valuable objects in Beowulf is rather obvious from the very start of the poem; it is obvious that the characters focus on the secular values. The latter can be considered the result of paganism, the belief which all characters of Beowulf hold to from the very start of the poem. However, as the novel progresses, the beliefs of the character change in a rather radical manner; as Hill explains, the characters are gradually converted from pagans to Christians, which causes a drastic change in the assessment of their values. However, as Hill explains, the characters of Beowulf are not to be judged harshly because of the fact that low values were a standard for them: â€Å"We look back, then, to days when kings of the Spear-Danes were great, when one could say that they were good, rather than to a time when inadequate values were embraced† (Hill 5). Therefore, it can be considered that Hill discusses moral values of the time in which Beowulf was written than the actual valuable items (McMillen). Moreover, Hill actually makes a connection between time and timeless values in his argument: Without breaking the past-tense framework of his narrative, the poet repeatedly asserts the continuity of time and values between his present and a heroic past that steadily moves from a deep past to those bleak anticipations of a violent future near poem’s end. (Hill 7)Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To be more exact, in the heroic past, which can be also referred to as the pagan times, the characters of the poem attributed all their deeds either to themselves and their strength, skills, power, intelligence, etc.: â€Å"the poet places a Ruler and a Judge of the deeds of each man† (Hill 10), or to the hand of doom. Meanwhile, in th e period referred to as the Christian one, the characters start attributing the major events to the power of God: â€Å"Happy events testify to God’s benign rule. When referred to God, fateful events are signatures of his judgment. God’s dom cannot be changed by men now any more than it could then† (Hill 8). Hence, the hero ethics dissolves into the appraisal of the supernatural powers, making the characters plunge into the realm of Christianity and its specific humble ethics. It is quite different with the ideas offered by Milton in his Paradise Lost. However, before developing an argument about Milton’s poem and the interpretation of valuable objects that it offers to the readers, it is necessary to consider some of the issues raised on Odell’s article concerning the understanding of the eulogy which Dryden wrote addressing Milton’s untimely death. Odell’s article on Milton revolves around a different reading of the epigram, which, as the author emphasizes, makes even more sense than the original interpretation. According to Odell, the fact that the eulogy which Dryden created and which honored Milton is aimed at wiping the latter from people’s memory as a writer who belonged to a particular period in time and establishing him as a transhistorical writer can and must be argued. As Milton explains, there is not a single trace of an attempt to make Milton a timeless classic in Dryden’s eulogy; hence, Odell suggests a different reading of the eulogy. As Odell explains, â€Å"he was canonized authoritatively by John Dryden (poet laureate of Great Britain, 1668–88), in his eulogy often entitled ‘Epigram on Milton’ (Odell 159). Even from the very start of the article, one can see evidently that Odell prefers to interpret the epigram in a slightly different way from the original one; the very word â€Å"canonized†, with its irony, rings certain dissatisfaction about the curre nt opinion on the eulogy and its meaning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Representation of Valuable or Treasured Objects in Fantasy Novels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, Odell clarifies that the existing interpretation of Dryden’s eulogy is not the only one possible and by far not the most sensible one. As Odell states, Marcie Frank offers a new but out of context reading of â€Å"Epigram† as partial evidence that, for Dryden, â€Å"criticism† is â€Å"an identification in which one has to efface the historical individual in order to make an ‘author’- a figure with whom one can identify in order to be a critic† (Odell 159) Hence, Odell makes it clear that the eulogy which Dryden wrote to honor Milton might aim not at making the latter a transhistorical author, but to compare Milton to such ancient authors as Virgil and Homer. Again, the above-0men tioned Ð °Ã' Ã µdoes not mean that Dryden places Milton together with these two; the entire eulogy is only about the comparison between these authors and showing that there are certain common things in their writing. When it comes to discussing the major theme that is raised in Lewis’s The Faerie Queene, Lewis’s article is the first thing that comes to one’s mind. Offering rather original ideas concerning the poem’s interpretation and the ideas implied in the poem context in a very subtle way, Lewis makes an interesting statement concerning the poem and the author: â€Å"The moralizing poems to his cantos, which sounds so characteristically Spenserian, are in accordance with the regular practice of Boiardo and Ariosto† (60). Hence, Lewis defines the moral and the philosophical in the allegories created by Spenser in his poem. It is essential that Lewis specifies the two key virtues which Spenser emphasizes most in his poem; to be more exact, Lew is pays a lot of attention to the way in which Lewis describes such issues as the Holiness and the Chastity. However, Lewis makes it clear that the focus of the poem is still on Love, while Holiness and Chastity complete the former, making it worth fighting for:Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The subjects of these two books are respectively Chastity and Friendship, but we are justified in treating them as a single book on the subject of love. Chastity, in the person of Britomart, turns out to mean not virginity but virtuous love: and friends are found to be merely â€Å"another sort of lovers† in the Temple of Venus. (Lewis 90) Back to the issue of the morality and philosophical dilemmas which Spenser discussed in his poem, according to Lewis’s opinion, one must mention that Spenser’s poem offers â€Å"popular, homely, patriotic associations† (Lewis 60) to the readers, therefore, creating the realm of family values and the idea of hearth and home in the poem. In the given context, Lewis’s interpretation of Spenser’s Queene Faire sounds more than reasonable. Finally, the argument in Pope’s Rape of the Lock is worth another close consideration. One of Pope’s most famous works, it is also the most sophisticated one and the one that is filled with a lot of hidden innuendoes. Analyzing his work, Kathleen McConnell has come across a range of peculiar facts which are truly worth being presented to the public. According to McConnell, there is a common thread that links the given work and such famous stories as the tales about Pygmalion and the movie Artificial Intelligence. As McConnell explains, the thing that links these pieces of art is the idea of redemption. Judging by the fact that McConnell makes examples of three works one of which belongs to the sphere of classic literature, another one to the realm of myths, and the last one belongs to the popular culture, one must assert that the key idea of McConnell’s article is that Pope’s poem is nowadays ranked as something belonging to popular culture as well and is consumed as a mass product. On the one hand, the idea that something as timeless as Pope’s poems can be considered a product of mass consumption and an element of the present-day popular culture must seem absurd. However, as McConnell’s argument cadence continues, one starts realizing that there is actually a strong point that Kathleen makes in the course of the argument, and, to one’s sheer amazement, McConnell’s idea proves completely right: â€Å"the stories of Pygmalion, ‘The Rape of the Lock,’ and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have the social redemption of an outcast in common, though the nature of the outcast is different in each† (McConnell 683). However, it is not the fact of Pope’s poem being a mass product for the popular culture that makes McConnell’s argument so enticing; it is rather the string of arguments that the author provides to prove her pint that thrills and makes one hyped for a debate. Indeed, even though it is highly unlikable for something as grandeur as Pope’s poems to become an element of popular culture, it is rather peculiar to understand what an average rea der, the adept of pop culture, can possibly find for his/her mind in such a poem as, for example, Pope’s Rape of the Lock. McConnell’s detailed analysis of the given fact is what makes the article a really thrilling read. According to McConnell, the fact of objectification, which exists both in The Rape of the Lock and AI, makes both a peculiar artwork for the audience to be thrilled with: â€Å"The two situations – the uncanny humanizing of an object and the canny objectification of a human – exist side by side in the relationship of ‘‘child’’ David and its ‘mother’ Monica in AI.† (McConnell 684). Indeed, there is a fact of objectification in The Rape of the Lock: Though not an object per se, Arabella Fermor, the historical inspiration for Pope’s satirized heroine â€Å"Belinda,† was objectified, in that she was appreciated as an item of exchange value; far from re-humanizing Arabella, Pope†™s caricature craftily objectifies her. (McConnell 684) In addition, the idea of gambling in the poem can be considered as an interpretation of the object value in The Rape of the Lock (Walls). Analyzing the arguments introduced above, one must admit that there are certain similarities between the four articles in question. Both touch upon certain values and the way people interpret them. However, while in Rape of the Lock, the value of a human personality is considered through objectification, in Faerie Queene, moral values are the focus of the work. Likewise, Paradise Lost offers some food for thoughts about morality, along with Beowulf, which focuses on honor of a warrior in particular. Hence, it can be concluded that there are considerable differences between the ways in which the treasured or valuable objects are represented in Beowulf, Milton’s Paradise Lost, Spencer’s Faerie Queene, and Pope’s Rape of the Lock. Since each of the poems conveys a specific and unique idea, the representation of valuable objects in each appears to be quite different from the other ones. However, when it comes to discovering the key message which these representations convey, one will inevitably figure out that all of the three representations serve to convey the same idea. To be more exact, the three poems make it clear that valuable objects in people’s lives actually worth nothing. While these objects have no intrinsic value of their own, people endow the ostensibly treasured things with all the values possible, which all the three poems address at certain points. Once again making it clear that aesthetic and moral values are much more important than the monetary ones, the authors offer peculiar and surprisingly non-preachy works, which makes them pretty timeless. Hill, John M. â€Å"Beowulf, Value, and the Frame of Time.† Modern Language  Quarterly 40.1 (1979): 3-18. Print. Lewis, C. S. â€Å"The Faerie Queene.† In Spensers C ritics: Changing Currents in  Literary Taste. Ed. William R. Mueller. New York, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1959. 206-232. Print. McConnell, Kathleen. â€Å"Creating People for Popular Consumption: Echoes Of Pope’s ‘The Rape of the Lock’ in Artificial Intelligence: AI.† Journal Of Popular Culture 40.4 (2007): 683-699. Print. McMillen 14 May 2007, A Bloody Enterprise: The Power of Treasure over Men  in Beowulf. Web. Odell, David. â€Å"Drydens ‘Epigram on Milton’: A New Reading Questioned.† Explicator 68.3 (2010): 159-168. Print. Walls, Kathryn. â€Å"A Question of Competence: The Card Game in Popes ‘The Rape of the Lock’. A Response to Oliver R.Baker.† Connotations. 19.1-3 (2009/2010): 229-237. Print.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Codes of ethics essays

Codes of ethics essays As some people would say new times bring new crimes; especially with the invention of internet more people have access to private information to use it for them our benefits. The more knowledgeable or professional a person is about computers, the higher is the risk people can get harm. For this, codes of ethics was created; for computer practitioners to follow. Code of ethics is more like a guide for computer practitioners that everyone in the field should follow according to many professionals in the field. Some writers have suggested that codes of ethics are pointless and unnecessary. Many others believe that codes are useful and important, but disagree about why. Writers argue that some codes need to be completed or updated to the most recent technology, which brings a bigger argument in the computer field. First of all; to make home, school, and office life easier people relies on computers. As a result of this dependency, computer grows everyday. Along with the growing use of computers comes widespread computer crime. Most of the people who uses computer to do a crime are the ones who has knowledge of computer which most of them are the ones who studied a career in computers. In this time is not that hard for a person to get a computer like it was before; the computer industries have so many distributors and competitors that any middle class family can own one. Most people will agree that one of the main reasons for buying a computer is the internet. Once people start to get know how to use the computer, most of them will start using the internet for many reasons: business, homework, research, etc. Knowing the facilities the internet gives, people start to save private information on their computers or let the computer do the job for them for example pay their bills online. For some computer professionals this may be one of the easiest ways to make money from the accommodation of their private home. This is when the codes of ...

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Teacher's Pension Scheme Reforms in the UK Essay

Teacher's Pension Scheme Reforms in the UK - Essay Example Issues involved in the scheme The TPS of UK currently assumes a defined benefit scheme of final salary of teachers. This translates into the fact that retirement benefits, as well as the final salary of individual teachers, is based on the length a teacher has been in service. This has seen calculation of final salary of retirement benefits based on either the best of a teacher’s salary within the twelve months before retirement, or calculated as the best average of any three successive years of salary in the last ten years. However, the union chiefs have taken a stand to demand the reformation of the method that is being used in the calculation of the retirement benefits. The chiefs argue that this method of calculating final salary is unfair, for it only benefits high flyers at the expense of low flyers that are in the same professional groups. Conversely, the government is of the opinion that it is the way to go, and, therefore, rooting for the maintenance of the scheme onl y that the final salary be replaced by a revalued earning scheme that is career averaged (Lewicki et al, 56). Another issue is the retirement age where it has been noted that life expectancy of people in UK is on the rise. This means that retiring at 60 results into teachers spending approximately 40% of their lives in retirement as compared to earlier years like 1955 when life expectancy was low (Department of Education, 1). Government ministers demand that the retirement age take into account the increases in the life expectancy, in addition to, reformation of the normal pension age so that it corresponds with the state pension age. However, the union chiefs are opposed to the increase in pension age to 65. In terms of contributions, the issue is the monthly contributions to teachers’ pensions. The government is of the view that the monthly contributions be increased and that the contribution levels be tied to the earning s to protect the low aid teachers. However, union ch iefs are opposed to this, for this will only function to  favor the employers who will have an upper hand in determining the teachers’ pensions. The final issue is the issue regarding returning to work after a teacher retires. The union chiefs root for abatement of teachers’ pension as the government root for a reduction of pension on return with an increase upon retirement. Tactics employed The government minister’s concern is the increasing cost of running the TPS which is purely unfunded. This means that the contributions paid by both employers and employees are the ones used to pay out pension benefits to teachers by the government department (Education Department, 1). Therefore, in a way of raising these funds as well as allowing for saving, the government figured out on how they can have teachers themselves contribute to this plan. This was transferred to the monthly contributions teachers make to the TPS. It was, thus, consequential that teacher’ s contributions be increased by an average of 3.2 percent that is from 6.4 percent to 9.6% by 2014. This may translate to a person earning forty thousand dollars seeing an increase of up to 64% in the monthly contributions (Lewicki et al, 1). However, this is under the disguise of

Friday, October 18, 2019

Australian Postwar Art & Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian Postwar Art & Film - Essay Example Members of this movement engaged in other activities such as composing, performing, recording, and videotaping humorous songs, which had revolutionary lyrics quoted from Marx. Nevertheless, Burn had achieved an artistic career prior to commencement of these movements; in fact, he had a profound involvement in conventional landscapes and self-portraits. In the beginning of 1965, he ventured into abstract and Minimalist painting. Therefore, this resulted to Conceptual art work and installations, which facilitated participation in the International Conceptual Art Movement. After disbarment of Art and Language movement from the international panorama, Burn seemed to withdraw from the International Conceptual Art Movement. Apparently, in 1977, he decided to go back to Australia, where he joined Australian labor movement via Union Media Services, which as a small company. During this period, he focused on organizing cultural programming for trade union members; exhibitions that show cased their art work, and authored associated essays and commentaries. Furthermore, he focused on publishing articles on Anglo-Australian landscape painting, while others were Albert Namatjira, who was Anboriginal artist of Aranda tribe (Burn and Stephen, 1992, 266). It is evident that Ian was a renowned writer in the realm of International Conceptual Art Movement and guardian of contemporary art; in fact, he served as unofficial mentor to numerous dissertations in esthetics and art history in various universities in Australia (Burn, 1991, 115). It is evident that Burn used his early painting to experiment with strategies was a way of separating perception from cognition. He offered conceptual systems aimed at facilitating perception of different things in various ways, which were in temporal and instinctive order. For instance, he segregated the square canvas into six, hard-edge, quasi-organic shapes in the Re-ordered Painting from 1965. In this painting, he used different colours on eac h of the six utensils; in fact, these organic shapes created a perception in a specific sequence. Therefore, Burn utilized cognitive analysis insentience as a way of redirecting the perception of the audience in their own situation. It is evident that Burn focuses on the theme of status and circumstance of self in his works; for instance, in Blue Reflex from 1966, he expresses functions that reflect the blue lacquered surface. Another example is Mirror Piece from 1967, which proved a question seeking to determine the meaning of self-reflection; in fact, this work entails a horizontal sequence consisting of thirteen framed pages of notes and diagrams (Burn, 1991, 118). Therefore, this led to a reflection and refraction of light, which was relative to mirror under various situations. However, he offers a sequence that ends with a large plain and framed mirror. Furthermore, he offers instinctive perceptual relations, which appears to be a mirror that offers a reflection to different pe ople around the world. This work of art is framed in a gallery in a way that modified people’s perceptions regarding the art object. In this case, Burn’s work of art as a part of International Conceptual Art, by presenting a cognitive system, which is independent of the frames references, whereby this is considered disentanglement of the mirrors from the true meaning. Definition of Conceptual Art

Social Policy With Reference to Social Security Essay

Social Policy With Reference to Social Security - Essay Example It had been an intense and traumatic time for the entire nation but also a realization that misfortune and tragedy were not restricted to the disadvantage alone. The task f re-building the state needed to take place at every level, as well as the re-building f lives: This led to a great expansion in the role f Government in society. Historically British social policy had been dominated by the Poor Laws. But now there was widespread support for reform and expansion f the welfare system. Development f such reforms would owe much to Fabianist beliefs and the Beveridge Report 1942. William Beveridge was appointed by the wartime Government to review Social Security Policy. His report concluded that the state should meet collective welfare needs and provide positive freedom to individuals by removing the Five Giant Evils. In 1945 Labour began addressing Beveridge's evil through state action introduced reforms: Claiming: 'Our policy was not f reformed capitalism, but progress towards a demo cratic socialism...the war had shown how much could be accomplished when public advantage was put before private vested interest. If that was right in wartime, it was right in peacetime' (Jones, 1991 p.117). To describe the social policy reforms, press at the time coined the phrase 'from the cradle to the grave'. Alcock describes the social policy proposals as: 'The social policy response to the depravation f depression' (Alcock, 2003 p.220). Prior to the NHS, health care was not a luxury everybody could afford. Access to a doctor was free to workers but this did not cover their families. Poor people often went without medical treatment, relying on home remedies or on the charity f a doctor. For the Government to fund the NHS and other evils economic growth and full employment were essential. Maynard Keynes advised the government to spend its way out f a recession by lowering taxes and investing more in projects and programmes. The government began to use Keynes theory f demand mana gement and in 1946 Minister Aneurin Bevan navigated proposals for the NHS passed two years earlier through parliament.  Ã‚  

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Finances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finances - Essay Example These subsidiary companies are engaged in a wide range of business activities. The main ones are primary insurance and reinsurance business. Over the years it has acquired a myriad of subsidiaries engaged in diverse business operations like utilities and energy (MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company), manufacturing-service-retailing (Marmon group), wholesale distribution & logistics (McLane), jewelry (Ben Bridge Chain), carpets (Shaw Industries), bricks & boots (Justin Industries). The insurance (both primary and reinsurance) business is through more than sixty national and overseas enterprises. Berkshire being primarily in insurance business in effect means that the premium for undertaking risk generates cash which is available for investment when the opportunity knocks. The reputation of Mr. Buffet has been built over the years is due to the fact that he has been consistent in picking winning opportunities by and large. This translates into the fact that almost of the business acquisitions turn out to be profit making ones, which in turn swell the coffers of Berkshire to be ready to invest. Contrary to expectations and common belief, Berkshire does not invest by only trading in stock i.e., picking stock at low price and selling, but also by investing in the businesses and earning through their operations. â€Å"For some sellers Berkshire is a refuge, a place to land when, say, some members of a family that controls a private company want cash and others wish to keep running the business. To the latter Buffett promises independence and respect and then--barring some irreconcilable problem that just has to be dealt with--delivers on the commitment. "We dont have any MBAs running around telling these people what to do," Buffett says. "And God knows I wouldnt know what to tell them." To public companies that may also have a family reason for selling, or that just want to escape the cold world of regrettable stock prices, unrealistic quarterly demands, and

Genocidal rape in Bosnia-Herzgovina Research Paper

Genocidal rape in Bosnia-Herzgovina - Research Paper Example Systematic mass rape and forced impregnation of women to cause pregnancy was related to the policy of â€Å"ethnic cleansing† of the Serbian genocide. Methods used in the campaigns of ethnic cleansing included but were not limited to torture, murder, detention, arbitrary arrest, sexual assaults in general and rape in particular, extra-judicial executions, forcible removal, confinement of the civilians into the ghettos, civilian deportation and displacement, exposure of the civilians to deliberate military attacks, and property destruction. Widespread ethnic cleansing was accompanied with the outbreak of war from 1992 to 1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnian Serbs forced Bosnian Muslims in large numbers along with some Bosnian Croats to flee their homes. There was also a small population of Bosnian Croats that conducted similar campaign against the Serbs and the Muslims, though they were far outnumbered by the violent Serbs. In the start of 1991, Balkans saw political upheava ls displacing a total of nearly 2,700,000 people, 700,000 of which sought refuge in Europe. There was an obvious military intent behind the systematic policies of rape in conflict with the International Humanitarian Law adopted by the Serbs. Giuseppe Zaccaria, an Italian journalist, summarized the Serb army officers’ minutes of meeting conducted in late 1991 in a Belgrade suburb in which he noted that the explicit policy of the Serbs was meant to target the children and women, they being the most vulnerable part of the social and religious structure of the Muslims. The reason why Bosnian Serbs targeted women and children can be summarized in these words: â€Å"Our analysis of the behavior of the Muslim communities demonstrates that the morale, will, and bellicose nature of their groups can be undermined only if we aim our action at the point where the religious and social structure is most fragile. We refer to the women, especially adolescents, and to the children. Decisive intervention on these social figures would spread confusion among the communities, thus causing first of all fear and then panic, leading to a probable [Muslim] retreat from the territories involved in war activity† (Zaccaria cited in Alien 57). In spite of the media reports discussing the mass killings, the secret camps, the destruction of architecture of Bosnia and mosques, most of the global community showed indifference to them. In response to such media reports, the UN implemented economic sanctions upon Serbia. The first UN peacekeeping force during the Yugoslav wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR). Mandate of the UNPROFOR for Bosnia and Herzegovina was to keep the people alive as the war reached its end. In an attempt to supervise the food and medicine distribution among the Muslims, the UN deployed its troops. However, these troops were not allowed by the UN to make any sort of military interference against the Serbs. UN had its own reasons not to stop the Serbs from killing Bosnian Muslims; the UN security forces thought that this was not their war and so they should not risk their lives trying to stop the Serbs from committing the atrocities. In addition to that, some soldiers of the UN security forces were held hostage by the Serbs. The safety and security of those captured UN soldiers was the prime concern of the UN securit

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Finances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finances - Essay Example These subsidiary companies are engaged in a wide range of business activities. The main ones are primary insurance and reinsurance business. Over the years it has acquired a myriad of subsidiaries engaged in diverse business operations like utilities and energy (MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company), manufacturing-service-retailing (Marmon group), wholesale distribution & logistics (McLane), jewelry (Ben Bridge Chain), carpets (Shaw Industries), bricks & boots (Justin Industries). The insurance (both primary and reinsurance) business is through more than sixty national and overseas enterprises. Berkshire being primarily in insurance business in effect means that the premium for undertaking risk generates cash which is available for investment when the opportunity knocks. The reputation of Mr. Buffet has been built over the years is due to the fact that he has been consistent in picking winning opportunities by and large. This translates into the fact that almost of the business acquisitions turn out to be profit making ones, which in turn swell the coffers of Berkshire to be ready to invest. Contrary to expectations and common belief, Berkshire does not invest by only trading in stock i.e., picking stock at low price and selling, but also by investing in the businesses and earning through their operations. â€Å"For some sellers Berkshire is a refuge, a place to land when, say, some members of a family that controls a private company want cash and others wish to keep running the business. To the latter Buffett promises independence and respect and then--barring some irreconcilable problem that just has to be dealt with--delivers on the commitment. "We dont have any MBAs running around telling these people what to do," Buffett says. "And God knows I wouldnt know what to tell them." To public companies that may also have a family reason for selling, or that just want to escape the cold world of regrettable stock prices, unrealistic quarterly demands, and

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

French Revolution (1789) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

French Revolution (1789) - Essay Example lic and in 1793 executed the king. The formation of the National assembly, a body of people who were picked out of the middle classes, was an important development during the year of 1792. This led to an understanding on part of both the king and the bourgeoisie of the power of a collective, which strengthened the foundations of the goal to come out of political and social upheaval. According to a scholar, David Sibalis, the formation of the National Assembly represented an attempt on the part of the Parisian middle classes to â€Å"provide themselves with some minimal economic security through their own efforts.†3 Many of these efforts were frustrated by later events of the Revolution but the events of 1789 displayed a passion and fervor on the part of the Parisian middle classes to rise above their petty divisions and fight for the causes of equality that the French Revolution stands for, even today. The fight was also against what Barry M. Shapiro, a researcher, refers to a s an â€Å"irrational and inhumane judicial system†4 that refused to fix every subject of the state equally. According to a historian Eric Hobsbawn, the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 reflected the third estate’s passion and enthusiasm.5 Disgruntled soldiers joined the movement rioters who sought to storm the Bastille. Although the Bastille was a prison, it was also an armory, which the revolutionaries needed to continue their movement. It was also intended as a warning to the higher powers of Paris. The demand of the public for a constitutional monarchy that would lead to the formation of a republic had gained momentum in Paris and the middle classes saw in this idea the promise of a better future. The storming of the Bastille assumes greater implications once one takes these factors of the storming into regard. The storming of the battle, the, becomes a symbolic attack on the tyranny that the nobles and the king practiced upon the citizens of France. Accor ding to a historian, Richard Burton, the Bastille formed a â€Å"nexus of fears and phobias whose hold over the eighteenth century Parisian mind is not to be doubted.†6 It is this tenacious hold that the act of the storming of the Bastille sought to loosen, consciously or unconsciously. Paris being the capital of the country, not only was aware of the nature of the exploitation that was happening, but Parisians were also the first to be affected by the mismanagement of the economy. They possessed the ability, due to their proximity to the centers of power, to analyses and understand the causes of the miserable conditions of their existence, as they existed in 1789. These conditions reached a peak when the Bastille was stormed. This action in itself, shorn of it symbolic significance, appears a trivial one since there weren’t any important people in the Bastille who could have been harmed. As a prison of the French government, however, the Bastille had turned into a sym bol of the tyranny that caused great misery to the lives of the French people. The

Is the current welfare system a problem Essay Example for Free

Is the current welfare system a problem Essay Poverty and inequality has always been the problem that confronts the many leaders of different nations. It was a long weary issue yet unfaltering. The many times we can behold it, the many times will I yell the grievances of the poor and the deprived. Hierarchy of classes occurs since time immemorial. The Biblical times even have account for that, but the most disgusting is the continuous perpetuation of the situation, the despicable and unfathomable exploitation of the poor by the elites and the growing wealth disparity. How many times did proposals were made and yet proposals remain as it is, it never attempt to address the basic needy of the poor. People grew weary and tired in of hoping that all their ails were to be address accordingly, but it was always a fancy illusion. When somebody toils for subsistence, the state always exploits him, his vulnerable soul. Heavy taxes and the cost of living were surging. How can he find fulfillment in a society, which he lives thereby/ it’s all useless. Even justice was at all naught. It favors those who live in luxury and never was fashioned to the marginal population. In every corners of the world, anvil is laid for the rich, and never for the poor. Sometimes, you cannot blame for their wrongdoings, for their transgression on the lives of others. The society pushes them to do so, and apparently, their body reacts. Even the figures published by the government were all falsely done. In a broader perspective poverty does not alleviate, it even upsurge. We need not to dig deeper on the and establish a methodology to measure a single family their capability or incapability to sustain their family to come up to a conclusive grounds that they are really belongs to the poverty line. It is more then enough to see their famished predisposition. But famish must be understood not on its context only. Everybody feels famish at times, anyway. Famish co-exist with duration. The longevity of being coiled to starvation is not a natural process of life. It is a disease inflicted by the society’s unsophisticated individuals. Thus, it is problems that need to be resolve before it’s too late to mend it. Enough for the hullabaloo’s of many politicians who intermittently exhibit their philanthropist being, because as quoted and which I have absorb the lot â€Å"those that are lavish in words are niggard in deeds†, it is undoubtedly true. We cannot deny the fact that we are inclined to let things bend over us, to satisfy our tiny whims or our desire to shower ourselves with gold. But let this not blind us. In the far end, we will become the victim of our addiction. For if we let the hurricane whirls on our surrounding and we keep still, we will sink in the center and drown out to death. The powerless and aimless vast number and keeps on expanding poverty-stricken families will one day, gain their leverage to unite in numbers and fight the oppressors of the world, to oust them in power and to establish a society devoid of injustices and inequality. The rise of modernism aggravated the plight of the poor; you cannot blame them to raise a couple of counter reactions against the elites; their rights and privileges were deprived and naturally, they were determined to assert it. Why should we wait for ‘Nature’s vendetta’ to come when we can make tiny reparations and adjustments to give what is due for our brothers and sisters. This about it, tomorrow will never become brighter, while the remnants of injustices are alive. Yet, we are looking forward to a brighter future. Let’s then mark an end to widening poverty line in our own tiny ways.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Orthodontic Anchorage Unit Research Study

Orthodontic Anchorage Unit Research Study Chapter 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS A three-dimensional bone block model (Figure 2) integrated with a miniscrew was constructed with a computer-aided design program (SolidWorks; Dassault Systemes SolidWorks, Concord, Mass) to simulate a miniscrew implanted in bone as an orthodontic anchorage unit. Figure 2. Three dimensional bone block model with screw embedded. The bone block, consisting of cortical and cancellous bone, was constructed with dimensions of 20 mm. in length and width, and 15 mm. in height for evaluation. [1] The cortical bone thickness, elastic moduli, Poisson’s ratio, shear moduli and density of the edentulous maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone as shown on Table 2 was based on the studies of Dechow et al.[2] and Schwartz-Dabney and Dechow[3], respectively; and the dentate specimen based on the study of Peterson et al. [4] These were taken from specific locations of the edentulous maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone as shown in Figure 3. Since cancellous bone density was found to have little or no consequence to results obtained by previous studies[5], a fixed value will be set with elastic moduli of 1.3 GPa, Poisson’s ratio of 0.3, shear moduli of 2.0 and density 0.5g/cm3. Figure 3. Location from which cortical bone specimens were removed from the edentulous crania by Dechow et al.[6] and the edentulous mandibles by Schwartz-Dabney and Dechow[7] The miniscrew geometry was based on the MONDEAL system (MONDEAL Medical Systems, Muhlheim, Germany): ie, the screw thread profile was an isosceles triangle 0.4 mm in height and 0.16 mm along the base.[8] The thread pitch was 1.0 mm. These thread dimensions were fixed in all screw designs in this study. The miniscrew will be assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with elastic modulus of 114 GPa, Poisson’s ratio or 0.34 and Yield strength of 880MPa.[9] Table 2. Material properties of maxillary[10] and mandibular[11] alveloar cortical bone. The model was meshed automatically with 10-node tetrahedral solid elements. The interface between the cortex and the cancellous bone was assumed to be fully bonded; i.e., the elements were continuous, sharing the same nodes along the interface. A node-to-node contact condition was given on the interface between the miniscrew and the bone block to imitate a stage without osseointegration.[13] The static load along the x-axis was applied to the head of the miniscrew and perpendicular to its long axis to simulate the orthodontic force. For the nodes located on the 5 exterior surfaces of the bone block, all but the superior surface where the miniscrew entered was constrained in all degrees of freedom to simulate the boundary condition. The nodal solution of the von Mises stress in the bone and the displacement of the miniscrew were calculated for each model with the finite element analysis program.[14] To determine the loading effect, the maxillary and mandibular bone blocks will be subjected to four force magnitudes (1, 2, 4 and 6 N) and three force directions (60o , 90o and 120o) to mimic various clinical conditions. A force direction of 90o was the force perpendicular to the long axis of the miniscrew and parallel to the bone surface.[15] 2 N is the reported clinically safe limit for immediate loading.[16] The loads will be applied at the level of the eye of the screw meant for tying ligatures in a clinical situation.[17] To determine the screw size effect, three screw (outer) diameters (1.5, 2.0 and 2.3 mm.) and five screw length (7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 mm.). The screw length will be measured including the screw head, which had a 2 mm. height for all screw models. To simulate soft tissue thickness, various screw depths (screw length in the bone block) will be modelled.[18] For each screw length, the exposed screw length of 3, 4, 5 mm. will be measured. The von Mises stress and the displacement was determined for the different screw length, diameter and exposed screw length was subjected to the different force magnitude and direction. For every bone specimen there was 540 different scenarios. The stress distribution was then observed for the screws that exhibited the highest stress for each bone specimen and for each force direction. Chapter 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings There is no direct relationship between stress and displacement established. The pattern of the von Mises stress of miniscrews embedded on different bones are similiar with only minor differences. Whereas the maxillary edentulous specimens showing more displacement compared to its mandibular counterpart. Though the highest stress and highest displacement can be observed in 6 N of force at 90o direction at 5 mm. exposed length and the lowest stress and lowest displacement can be observed in 1 N of force at 1200 direction at 3 mm. exposed length. The stress is concentrated on the cortical bone irrespective of the screw length and the exposed screw length. It is more intensified at 5 mm exposed screw length because the moment of arm becomes longer, and lighter at 3 mm exposed length because the moment arm becomes shorter. The cortical bone acts as the fulcrum of the force. All miniscrews embedded in mandibular edentulous specimens were able to establish primary stability except for 2 scenarios in MDE4. 12-13% of miniscrews embedded on maxillary edentulous specimen were not able to establish primary stability. Majority of these occurred with screw diameter of 1.5 mm. (78 85%), exposed screw length of 5 mm. (61 72%), force magnitude of 6 N. (62 – 68 %), and force angle of 900 (40 45%). Conclusion Based on the data gathered, it is found that placement of orthodontic miniscrew on edentulous alveolar bone on both the maxilla and mandible is possible. The use of miniscrew with diameter of 2mm or wider embedding it on attached gingiva of 2mm or thinner, loading it with force 2 N or lower at an angle 60 or 1200 could increase chances of establishing primary stability. Recommendations The proponent of this research would like to recommend the implementation of a Randomized Controlled Trial based on the results of this study. This would ensure the evidence-based practice of the miniscrew anchorage. References [1] T. C. Liu and others, Finite Element Analysis of Miniscrew Implants Used for Orthodontic Anchorage, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 141 (2012). [2] P. C. Dechow, Q. Wang, and J. Peterson, Edentulation Alters Material Properties of Cortical Bone in the Human Craniofacial Skeleton: Functional Implications for Craniofacial Structure in Primate Evolution, The Anatomical Records: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 293 (2010). [3] C. L. Schwartz-Dabney and P. C. Dechow, Edentulation Alters Material Properties of Cortical Bone in the Human Mandible, J Dent Res, 81 (2002). [4] J. Peterson, Q. Wang, and P. C. Dechow, Material Properties of the Dentate Maxilla, Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol, 288 (2006). [5] A. Gracco and others, Numerical/Experimental Analysis of the Stress Field around Miniscrews for Orthodontic Anchorage, Eur J Orthod, 31 (2009). [6] Dechow, Wang, and Peterson. [7] Schwartz-Dabney and Dechow. [8] Liu and others [9] Gerhard Welsch, R. Boyer, and E.W. Collings, Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, (Asm International, 1994). [10] Dechow, Wang, and Peterson. [11] Schwartz-Dabney and Dechow. [12] Peterson, Wang, and Dechow. [13] Liu and others [14] Ibid. [15] Ibid. [16] A. G. Crismani and others, Miniscrews in Orthodontic Treatment: Review and Analysis of Published Clinical Trials, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 137 (2010). [17] S. Singh and others, Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Strength, Stability, and Stress Distribution in Orthodontic Anchorage: A Conical, Self-Drilling Miniscrew Implant System, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 141 (2012). [18] Liu and others

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Napoleon :: History, The French Revolution

Napoleon only upholds the ideals of the French Revolution because he wanted to secure and strengthen his own power. During his rise to power, Napoleon adhered to the ideals dutifully. In his speech to his troops, Napoleon said, â€Å"We are waging war as generous enemies, and we wish only to crush the tyrants who enslave [the Italian people]† (Document 1). He tells them to be respectful of other countries, to give them rights they have the right to enjoy. This follows Locke’s enlightenment ideas, that everyone has inherent rights that cannot be taken away. Being an supporter of equal rights, he gained popularity with the French people. Over time, Napoleon used these ideals to increase and solidify his power. Napoleon Crossing the Alps by Jacques Louis David (Document 4) correctly illustrates Napoleon’s France. In this painting, Napoleon, dressed in breeches and a fancy army uniform rides on a horse, holding the reins loosely but firmly, looking majestic. The horse is strong from the apparent muscles in its legs. At a closer look, the horse’s eyes are too wide and wild and its mouth is gaping open. The horse symbolized France as whole at the time period, when everything was chaotic, with beheadings everyday and constant fears of invasion. Napoleon kept France under absolute control but still allowed enough freedoms to the people. France was a republic in name only. During this time period, the French people were ensured equality, as long as they abided by the law, the Napoleonic Code (Document 9), which unified the legal system of France under one set of laws. Meritocracy was instilled and schools were established to educate people, since in Napoleon’s France people acquired jobs based on their skill and not family connections. Food prices were stabilized so that everyone could afford to eat. By establishing a strong centralized authority, Napoleon brought order to France. He began censoring newspapers and had the Secret Police keep tabs on people. Both of these actions were direct violations of the enlightenment and Declaration of the Rights of Man, which stated, people had the right to freedom of speech, press, and religion, and could not be silenced for these views. The hypocrisy of his actions are seen once again, when Napoleon crowns himself Emperor. By doing so, he is saying that his power to rule is derived from god. The Napoleonic Catechism proclaimed, â€Å"[Napoleon had become] anointed of the Lord†¦those lacking in their duty to our emperor†¦resisting the order established by God himself† (Document 11).

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Hamlet as Antihero in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet as Antihero      Ã‚  Ã‚  By literary definition, an antihero is the "hero" of the play or novel, but has negative attributes that separate him or her from the classic hero such as Superman. Such negative aspects may include a violent nature, use of coarse language, or self-serving interests which may inadvertently depict the protagonist as a hero since the result of serving those interests may be the betterment of society or an environment. In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the protagonist, Hamlet, is depicted as an antihero.    One factor contributing to Hamlet’s status as antihero is that he draws sympathy, as well as admiration, from the reader since Hamlet feels the pain of losing his father along with the burden and obstacles in avenging his murder.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Act four places a special emphasis on Hamlet's intelligence. In scene two, Hamlet is very insolent and rude towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with such phrases as,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "That I can keep your counsel and not, mine own. Beside, to be demanded of a sponge, what replication should be made by the son of a king" (IV, ii, 12-14)? The reference to the sponge reflects the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are easily ordered by the king and do not have minds of their own. Hamlet does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern since they are servants of the Claudius, Hamlet's mortal enemy. The reader does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern either which causes the reader to side with Hamlet.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another incident of Hamlet's high intelligence is shown when he Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, "I am glad of it: a knavish sleeps in a foolish ear" (IV, i, 24-25).   This statement leaves Rosencrantz and Guildenstern more or less confused.    Hamlet is clearly more clever than the two of them combined and is able to toy with them. Hamlet has an excellent command of the language and because of it, can use words to the point that those around him will not understand and may label him as crazy.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet shows another example of his cleverness, this time towards Claudius, when he says, "I see a cherub that sees them. But, come; for England! Farewell, dear mother" (IV, iii, 49-50). The cherub, or the angel, gives Hamlet a sense of superiority over Claudius. Having an angel at one's side would be a definite sign of power, which is exactly what Hamlet tries to maintain over Claudius in their constant power struggle.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Fool Chapter 20

ACT IV As flies to wanton boys, are we to the gods. They kill us for their sport. – King Lear, Act IV, Scene 1, Gloucester TWENTY A PRETTY LITTLE THING Drool and I slogged through the cold rain for a day, across hill and dale, over unpaved heath and roads that were little more than muddy wheel ruts. Drool affected a jaunty aspect, remarkable considering the dark doings he had just escaped, but a light spirit is the blessing of the idiot. He took to singing and splashing gaily through puddles as we traveled. I was deeply burdened by wit and awareness, so I found sulking and grumbling better suited my mood. I regretted that I hadn't stolen horses, acquired oilskin cloaks, found a fire-making kit, and murdered Edmund before we left. The latter, among many reasons, because I could not ride upon Drool's shoulders, as his back was still raw from Edmund's beatings. Bastard. I should say here, that after some days in the elements, the first I'd spent there since my time with Belette and the traveling mummer troupe many years ago, I determined that I am an indoor fool. My lean form does not fend off cold well, and it seems no better at shedding water. I fear I am too absorbent to be an outdoor fool. My singing voice turns raspy in the cold, my japes and jokes lose their subtlety when cast against the wind, and when my muscles are slowed by an unkind chill, even my juggling is shit. I am untempered for the tempest, unsuited for a storm – better fit for fireplace and featherbed. Oh, warm wine, warm heart, warm tart, where art thou? Poor, cold Pocket, a drowned and wretched rat is he. We traveled in the dark for miles before we smelled meat-smoke on the wind and spotted the orange light of an oil-skinned window in the distance. â€Å"Look, Pocket, a house,† said Drool. â€Å"We can sit by the fire and maybe have a warm supper.† â€Å"We've no money, lad, and nothing to trade them.† â€Å"We trade 'em a jest for our supper, like we done before.† â€Å"I can think of nothing amusing to do, Drool. Tumbling is out of the question, my fingers are too stiff to work Jones's talk string, and I'm too weary even for the simple telling of a tale.† â€Å"We could just ask them. They might be kind.† â€Å"That's a blustery bag of tempest toss, innit?† â€Å"They might,† insisted the oaf. â€Å"Bubble once give me a pie without I ever jested a thing. Just give it to me, out of the kindness of her heart.† â€Å"Fine. Fine. We shall prevail upon their kindness, but should that fail, prepare yourself to bash in their brains and take their supper by force.† â€Å"What if there's a lot of 'em? Ain't you going to help?† I shrugged and gestured to my fair form: â€Å"Small and weary, lad. Small and weary. If I'm too weak to perform a puppet show, I think the brain-bashing duties will, by necessity, fall upon you. Find a sturdy stick of firewood. There, there's a woodpile over there.† â€Å"I don't want to bash no brains,† said the stubborn nitwit. â€Å"Fine, here, take one of my daggers.† I handed him a knife. â€Å"Give a good dirking to anyone who requires it.† At that point the door opened and a wizened form stepped into the doorway and raised a storm lantern. â€Å"Who goes there?† â€Å"Beggin' pardon, sirrah,† said Drool. â€Å"We was wondering if you required a good dirking this evening?† â€Å"Give that to me.† I snatched the dagger away from the git and fitted it into the sheath at my back. â€Å"Sorry, sir, the Natural jests out of turn. We are looking for some shelter from the storm and perhaps a hot meal. We've only bread and a little cheese, but we will share it for the shelter.† â€Å"We are fools,† said Drool. â€Å"Shut up, Drool, he can see that by my kit and your empty gaze.† â€Å"Come in, Pocket of Dog Snogging,† said the bent figure. â€Å"Mind your head on the doorjamb, Drool.† â€Å"We're buggered,† said I, pushing Drool through the door ahead of me. Witches three. Parsley, Sage, and Rosemary. Oh no, not in the Great Birnam Wood where they are generally kept, where one might fairly expect to encounter them, but here in a warm cabin off the road between the Gloucestershire villages of Tossing Sod and Bongwater Crash? A flying house, perhaps? It's rumored that witches are afraid of such structures. â€Å"I thought you was an old man but you is an old woman,† said Drool to the hag who had let us in. â€Å"Sorry.† â€Å"No proof, please,† said I, afraid that one of the hags might confirm her gender by lifting her skirts. â€Å"The lad's suffered enough of late.† â€Å"Some stew,† said the crone Sage, the warty one. A small pot hung over the fire. â€Å"I've seen what you put in your stew.† â€Å"Stew, stew, true and blue,† said the tall witch, Parsley. â€Å"Yes, please,† said Drool. â€Å"It's not stew,† said I. â€Å"They call it stew because it rhymes with bloody blue, but it's not stew.† â€Å"No, it's stew,† said Rosemary. â€Å"Beef and carrots and the lot.† â€Å"Afraid it is,† said Sage. â€Å"Not bits of bat wing, eye of lecher, sweetbreads of newt, and the lot, then?† â€Å"A few onions,† said Parsley. â€Å"That's it? No magical powers? No apparitions? No curse? You appear out here in the middle of nowhere – nay, on the very fringe of the tick's knickers that sucks the ass of nowhere – and you've no agenda except to feed the Natural and me and give us a chance to chase the chill?† â€Å"Aye, that's about it,† said Rosemary. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Couldn't think of nothin' that rhymes with onions,† said Sage. â€Å"Aye, we were right fucked for spell casting once the onions went in,† said Parsley. â€Å"Truth be told, beef put us against the wall, didn't it?† said Rosemary. â€Å"Yeah, fief, I suppose,† mused Sage, rolling her good eye toward the ceiling. â€Å"And teef, although strictly speaking, that ain't a proper rhyme.† â€Å"Right,† said Parsley. â€Å"No telling what kind of dodgy apparition you'll conjure you cock up the rhyme like that. Fief. Teeth. Pathetic, really.† â€Å"Stew, please,† said Drool. I let the crones feed us. The stew was hot and rich and mercifully devoid of amphibian and corpse bits. We broke out the last of the bread Curan had given us and shared it with the witches, who produced a jug of fortified wine and poured it for all. I warmed both inside and out, and for the first time in what seemed days, my clothes and shoes were dry. â€Å"So, it's going well, then?† asked Sage, after we'd each had a couple of cups of wine. I counted out calamities on my digits: â€Å"Lear stripped of his knights, civil war between his daughters, France has invaded, Duke of Cornwall murdered, Earl of Gloucester blinded, but reunited with his son, who is a raving loony, the sisters enchanted and in love with the bastard Edmund – â€Å" â€Å"I shagged 'em proper,† added Drool. â€Å"Yes, Drool boffed them until both walked unsteady, and, let's see, Lear wanders across the moors to find sanctuary with the French at Dover.† Handfuls of happenings. â€Å"Lear suffers, then?† asked Parsley. â€Å"Greatly,† said I. â€Å"He's nothing left. A great height from which to fall, being king of the realm reduced to a wandering beggar, gnawed from the inside by regret for deeds he did long ago.† â€Å"You feel for him, then, Pocket?† asked Rosemary, the greenish, cat-toed witch. â€Å"He rescued me from a cruel master and brought me to live in his castle. It's hard to hold hatred with a full stomach and a warm hearth.† â€Å"Just so,† said Rosemary. â€Å"Have some more wine.† She poured some dark liquid into my cup. I sipped it. It tasted stronger, warmer than before. â€Å"We've a gift for you, Pocket.† Rosemary brought out a small leather box from behind her back and opened it. Inside were four tiny stone vials, two red and two black. â€Å"You'll be needing these.† â€Å"What are they?† My vision began to blur then. I could hear the witches' voices, and Drool snoring, but they seemed distant, as if down a tunnel. â€Å"Poison,† said the witch. That was the last I heard from her. The room was gone, and I found myself sitting in a tree near a quiet river and a stone bridge. It was autumn, I could tell, as the leaves were turning. Below me a girl of perhaps sixteen was washing clothes in a bucket on the riverbank. She was a tiny thing, and I would have thought her a child by her size, but her figure was quite womanly – perfectly proportioned, just a size smaller in scale than most. The girl looked up, as if she heard something. I followed her gaze down the road to a column of soldiers on horseback. Two knights rode at the head of the train, followed by perhaps a dozen others. They rode under my oak tree and paused their horses on the bridge. â€Å"Look at that,† said the heavier of the two knights, nodding toward the girl. I heard his voice as if it were in my own head. â€Å"Pretty little thing.† â€Å"Have her,† said the other. I knew the voice immediately, and with it I saw the face for who it was. Lear, younger, stronger, not nearly so grey, but Lear as sure as I'd ever seen him. The hawk nose, the crystal-blue eyes. It was him. â€Å"No,† said the younger man. â€Å"We need to make York by nightfall. We've no time to find an inn.† â€Å"Come here, girl,† called Lear. The girl came up the bank to the road, keeping her eyes to the ground. â€Å"Here!† barked Lear. The girl hurried across the bridge until she stood only a few feet from him. â€Å"Do you know who I am, girl?† â€Å"A gentleman, sir.† â€Å"A gentleman? I am your king, girl. I am Lear.† The girl fell to her knees and stopped breathing. â€Å"This is Canus, Duke of York, Prince of Wales, son of King Bladud, brother to King Lear, and he would have you.† â€Å"No, Lear,† said the brother. â€Å"This is madness.† The girl was trembling now. â€Å"You are brother to the king and you may have whom you want, when you want,† said Lear. He climbed off his horse. â€Å"Stand up, girl.† The girl did, but stiffly, as if she were bracing for a blow. Lear took her chin in his hand and lifted it. â€Å"You are a pretty thing. She's a pretty thing, Canus, and she is mine. I give her to you.† The king's brother's eyes were wide and there was hunger there, but he said, â€Å"No, we haven't time – â€Å" â€Å"Now!† boomed Lear. â€Å"You'll have her now!† With that Lear grabbed the front of the girl's frock and ripped it, exposing her breasts. When she tried to cover up he pulled her arms away. Then he held her and barked commands while his brother raped her on the wide stone rail of the bridge. When Canus had finished and fell breathless between her legs, Lear shouldered him aside then lifted the girl by the waist and threw her over the rail into the river. â€Å"Clean yourself!† he shouted. Then he patted his brother's shoulder. â€Å"There, she'll not haunt your dreams tonight. All subjects are property of the king, and mine to give, Canus. You may have any woman you want except one.† They mounted their horses and rode away. Lear hadn't even looked to see if she could swim. I couldn't move, I couldn't cry out. All during the attack on the girl I felt as if I'd been lashed to the tree. Now I watched her crawl naked from the river, her clothes in tatters behind her, and she curled into a ball on the riverbank and sobbed. Suddenly I was whisked out of the tree, like a feather on an errant wind, and I settled on the roof of a two-story house in a village. It was market day, and everyone was out, going from cart to cart, table to table, bargaining for meat and vegetables, pottery and tools. A girl stumbled down the street, a pretty little thing, perhaps sixteen or seventeen, with a tiny babe in arms. She stopped at every booth and showed them the babe, then the villagers would reward her with rude laughter and send her to the next booth. â€Å"He's a prince,† she said. â€Å"His father was a prince.† â€Å"Go away, girl. You're mad. No wonder no one will have you, tart.† â€Å"But he's a prince.† â€Å"He looks to be a drowned puppy, lass. You'll be lucky if he lives the week out.† From one end of the village to the other she was laughed at and scorned. One woman, who must have been the girl's mother, simply turned away and hid her face in shame. I floated overhead as the girl ran to the edge of town, across the bridge where she'd been raped, and up to a compound of stone buildings, one with a great soaring steeple. A church. She made her way to the wide double door, and there, she lay her baby on the steps. I recognized those doors, I'd seen them a thousand times. This was the entrance to the abbey at Dog Snogging. The girl ran away and I watched, as a few minutes later, the doors opened and a broad-shouldered nun bent and picked up the tiny, squalling baby. Mother Basil had found him. Suddenly I was at the river again, and the girl, that pretty little thing, stood on the wide stone rail of the bridge, crossed herself, and leapt in. She did not swim. The green water settled over her. My mother. When I awoke the witches were gathered around me like I was a sumptuous pie just out of the oven and they were ravenous pie whores. â€Å"So, you're a bastard then,† said Parsley. â€Å"And an orphan,† said Sage. â€Å"Both at once,† said Rosemary. â€Å"Surprised, then?† said Parsley. â€Å"Lear not quite the kind old codger you thought him, eh?† â€Å"A royal bastard, you are.† I gagged a bit, in response to the crones' collective breath, and sat up. â€Å"Would you back off you disgusting old cadavers!† â€Å"Well, strictly speakin', only Rosemary's a cadaver,† said the tall witch, Parsley. â€Å"You drugged me, put that nightmare vision in my head.† â€Å"Aye, we did drug you. But you was just looking through a window to the past. There was no vision except what happened.† â€Å"Got to see your dear mum, didn't you?† said Rosemary. â€Å"How lovely for you.† â€Å"I had to watch her raped and driven to suicide, you mad hag.† â€Å"You needed to know, little Pocket, before you went on to Dover.† â€Å"Dover? I'm not going to Dover. I have no desire to see Lear.† Even as I said it I felt fear run down my spine like the tip of a spike. Without Lear, I was no longer a fool. I had no purpose. I had no home. Still, after what he had done, I would have to find some other means to make my way. â€Å"I can rent out Drool for plowing fields and hoisting bales of wool and such. We'll make our way.† â€Å"Maybe he wants to go on to Dover.† I looked over to Drool, who I thought to still be asleep by the fire, but he was sitting there, staring at me wide-eyed, as if someone had frightened him and he'd forgotten how to talk. â€Å"You didn't give him the same potion you gave me, did you?† â€Å"It was in the wine,† said Sage. I went to the Natural and put my arm around his shoulder, or, as far around as I could reach, anyway. â€Å"Drool, lad, you're fine, lad.† I knew how horrified I had been, with my superior mind and understanding of the world. Poor Drool must have been terrified. â€Å"What did you wicked hags show him?† â€Å"He had a window on the past just like you.† The great oaf looked up at me then. â€Å"I was raised by wolfs,† said he. â€Å"Nothing can be done now, lad. Don't be sad. We've all things in our past we were better not remembering.† I glared at the witches. â€Å"I ain't sad,† Drool said, standing up. He had to stoop to avoid hitting his head on the roof beams. â€Å"My brother nipped at me 'cause I didn't have no fur, but he didn't have no hands, so I throwed him against a tree and he didn't get up.† â€Å"You're but a pathetic dimwit,† said I. â€Å"You can't be blamed.† â€Å"My mum only had eight teats, but after that there was only seven of us, so I got two. It were lovely.† He didn't really seem that bothered by the whole experience. â€Å"Tell me, Drool, have you always known you were raised by wolves?† â€Å"Aye. I want to go outside and have a wee on a tree, now, Pocket. You want to come?† â€Å"No, you go, love, I'm going to stay here and shout at the old ladies.† Once the Natural was gone I turned on them again. â€Å"I'm finished doing your bidding. Whatever politics you want to engineer I'll have no more part of it.† The crones laughed at me in chorus, then coughed until finally Rosemary, the greenish witch, calmed her breath with a sip of wine. â€Å"No, lad, nothing so sordid as politics, we're about vengeance pure and simple. We don't give a weasel's twat about politics and succession.† â€Å"But you're evil incarnate and in triplicate, aren't you?† said I, respectfully. One must give due. â€Å"Aye, evil is our trade, but not so deep a darkness as politics. Better business to dash a suckling babe's brains upon the bricks than to boil in that tawdry cauldron.† â€Å"Aye,† said Sage. â€Å"Breakfast, anyone?† She was stirring something in the cauldron, I assumed it was the leftover hallucination wine from the night before. â€Å"Well, revenge, then. I've no taste left for it.† â€Å"Not even for revenge on the bastard Edmund?† Edmund? What a storm of suffering that blackguard had loosed upon the world, but still, if I never had to see him again, couldn't I forget about his damage? â€Å"Edmund will find his just reward,† said I, not believing it for a second. â€Å"And Lear?† I was angry with the old man, but what revenge would I have on him now? He had lost all. And I had always known him to be cruel, but so long as his cruelty didn't extend to me, I was blind to it. â€Å"No, not even Lear.† â€Å"Fine, then, where will you go?† asked Sage. She pulled a ladle of steaming liquid from the pot and blew on it. â€Å"I'll take the Natural into Wales. We can call at castles until someone takes us in.† â€Å"Then you'll miss the Queen of France at Dover?† â€Å"Cordelia? I thought bloody fucking froggy King Jeff was at Dover. Cordelia is with him?† The hags cackled. â€Å"Oh no, King Jeff is in Burgundy. Queen Cordelia commands the French forces at Dover.† â€Å"Oh bugger,† said I. â€Å"You'll want to take them poisons we fixed for you,† said Rosemary. â€Å"Keep them on you at all times. A need for them will present itself.†